![]() The term thus emphasizes the esoteric nature of the texts, not intended for public teaching, but restricted to the confidentiality of personal instruction.Ī gloss of the term upaniṣad based on Shankara's commentary on the Kaṭha and Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upanishads equates it with Ātmavidyā, that is "knowledge of the Self", or Brahmavidyā "knowledge of Brahma".ĭifferent Upanishads are affiliated with the four Vedas ( Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda). referring to the "sitting down near" a spiritual teacher ( guru) in order to receive instruction in the Guru-shishya tradition. The Sanskrit term upaniṣad derives from upa- (near), ni- (down) and sad (to sit), i.e. ![]() The philosophical edifice of Indian religion viz., Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism is built on the foundation laid by the Upanishads. The oldest, such as the Brhadaranyaka and Chandogya Upanishads, have been dated to around the eighth century BCE. The Upanishads were composed over several centuries. Considered as mystic or spiritual contemplations of the Vedas, their putative end and essence, the Upanishads are known as Vedānta ("the end/culmination of the Vedas"). The Upanishads ( Devanagari: उपनिषद्, IAST: upaniṣad) are part of the Vedas and form the Hindu scriptures which primarily discuss philosophy, meditation, and the nature of God they form the core spiritual thought of Vedantic Hinduism.
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